Television Scheduling

Scheduling is broken down into clear segments:
Breakfast
Daytime
Childrens
Peaktime (family 7pm-9pm)
Adults (9pm+)

The target audience for each segment:
Breakfast = a spread of audience, depending on channel
Daytime = homemakers, unemployed and students
Childrens = children
Peaktime = family
Adults = adults

The most popular genres on television are:
News, soup operas, sitcoms, gameshows, films, reality shows and dramas

The largest target audience for each terrestrial channel are:
BBC1 = everyone (mass broadcast)
BB2 = educated audience (minority)
ITV1 = everyone (mass broadcast)
CHANNEL 4 = young adults/ teens and educated adults
FIVE = everyone (mass broadcasting)

BBC1 and ITV1 are direct competitiors
BBC2 and CHANNEL 4 are direct competitors for educated audiences

Repeats:
They are rare during prime time viewing but are cheap and a way of keeping a programme going

Imported programmes, schedules:
CHANNEL 4 -> American shows e.g. Everybody loves Raymond
FIVE -> American shows e.g. CSI, Austrailian shows e.g. Neighbours
(they haven't got much money, they are reliant on advertisment, the shows are cheap to buy)

The term 'Watershed':
''shed'' -> as in shedding the audience, getting rid of children in order to view adult viewing
Watershed -> after 9pm but has shifted slightly to 10pm


There are 3 types of Scheduling: Inheritance, Pre-echo and Hammocking.

Inheritance: Scheduling a programme after a popular programme in the hope to inherit some of the audience.

Pre-echo: This is the reverse. Scheduling a programme before a popular programme in the hope that the audience tuning in to watch the popular programme will catch the end of the programme you broadcast, leading to them tuning in next time to watch it.

Hammocking: This has features of both. Scheduling a programme between two popular programmes so that it will benefit from both Inheritance and Pre-echo. Which therefore suggests it will be popular itself and gain more audience. (An example is between Coronation Street on ITV)

Documentary Analysis (individual)

3) Cutting Edge: My New Brain (9pm, Channel 4)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-d7PK49BdME&list=SL&has_verified=1

(Title of Doc)
Type of Documentary:
Mixed

Themes:
Biological disorders
Health and Functioning
Youth of today

Narrative Structure:
Linear
Closed Narrative
Single Strand Narrative

Camerawork:
CU of Simon -> ECU of photos
DOF -> background out of focus
Tracking of Simon
2 shot
Handheld camera around supermarket
OTS of signs, DOF
ECU of eyes + him in bed
Interview -> conventional - to the left, eyeline 3rd way down, postioning, Midshot
Interview of Dr -> MCU



(Medium Close Up)
Zoom out from fade to black from wall
Before the mention of accident, friends are interviewed in MCU, talking about the accident changes to CU -> focuses on their expressions
(Talking pre-accident)
(Talking post-accident)
Establish shot, hospital -> CU of activity board
High angle of him doing teeth
ECU of model brain
Wide shot of railings, then zooms to ECU of spike and green bin, then the wall/drop
(The spike on the railing)
POV watching horse race -> long shot Simon walks away
Stockfootage -> bridges, cars, Newcastle
2 shot brother and him


Mise-en-scene:
Natural background , hospital (rehibilitation ward)
Natural Lighting -> ambient
Interview outside -> dark -> artificial light on Simon's face

Sound:
String music -> interesting, upbeat as tracking shot moves -> adventure?
Voiceover -> male, yougish (Zac Beattie), Standard English, calm and clear, sound concerned and emotional
SFX sound when fades to black
SFX -> heartmoniter, oxygen pump
The beginning music is repeated at the end -> connotes starting a new adventure?

Editing:
Cross cut
Overlap interview audio with images and video footage
Cut from photos to interviewees
Fade to black
Cross cut between sad music and interview of friends to fast motion clips of dance music and party pictures. This is juxtaposition

Archive Material:
Simon's Brain Scan
(Scan)
Photographs of family
Video footage

Graphics:
Title -> My New Brain -> Plain, white, to the point
Credits -> Left, white, simple font

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4) Small Teen, Big World (9pm, BBC 1)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEqHiVvL6PI (Clip)

Type of Documentary:
Self- reflective

Themes:
Disability
Acceptance in society
Individuality

Health
Relationships: Family + Friends
(Jasmine and Mum)

Narrative Structure:
Non - Linear
Closed Narrative
Not single stranded

Camerawork:
CU of face
2 shot of mum and Jasmine
Quickpan -> around Jasmine -> establish New York City
(Establish shot)
Establish shots -> low angle
Low angle and DOF, shoes on the beach
CU of feet in sand
High angles
POV -> at convention
ECU of Jasmine
CU of mother
Stockfootage of V Festival
CU face massge then ECU of candle
MCU then CU of social worker -> conventional interview -> positioning to left or right of screen and the eyeline 3rd the way down

Mise-en-scene:
Slow Motion shot -> pinky red tint -> connotations of love?

Sound:
Music in background -> jazzy, paced, has a beat
Jasmine is the voiceover
Music -> "Alicia Keys - Empire state of Mind", this anchors and establishes location of New York

Editing:
Cuts -> cross cuts
Fast motion
Fade from beach to hair salon
Flashbacks to videos from beginning
Flashbacks are in slow motion
Cross cut -> fast editing, girls swop chairs

Archive Material:
Photographs
Home Videos
Birth Video

Graphics:
Title -> plain, white, black background, stand out, simple
(Title)
White writing to show additional information just before credits
Credits in the same font

Documentary Analysis (class)

1) 'PUBLIC ENEMY NUMBER ONE: THE DEVIL MADE ME DO IT'
(YouTube clip)

Type of Documentary:

Mixed -> Variety of Content

Themes:

Devil worship v Religion

Crime -> murder investigation

Youth of today

POWER OF THE MEDIA -> can the media influeence individuals' behaviour

Narrative Structure:

Open narrative structure
Non - Linear (things not in time order)

Camerawork:

Interviews -> Low angle of MM, Eyeline 3rd way down, framed to either left or right, in MCU or CU, there was a two shot interview
Guy selling posters -> handheld, not prearranged
(Handheld, interview)
OTS & POV shot of inspector -> CU of faces
Stockfootage -> religious iconography -> corsses, angels, churches, bell towers -> low angle & high angle shots
Tracking -> chief inspector, MM walking through Rome, in cemetary
Pan
Zoom -> images, newspapers, inaminate objects
Crane -> church, cemetary
Handheld camera
Establish shots to establish the location
Birds eye view -> police walking in street
CU of father's reflection -> creativity
MM press conference -> when arrived in Italy, focus on lense of camera, it observes -> creates meaning that the documentary makers are not apart of the Italian reporters. They are seperate and just observing.
POV -> fan in crowd at the gigs (this is actuality footage)
(POV)

Mise-en-scene:
Low angle -> police sitting at desk, cap on the desk -> authority, power and shows his job
Isolated nun in a room by herself
MM fans went to extreme -> make up , blood
Guy in the graveyard
(Graveyard)
Lighting -> on Stockfootage, it is very dark, a deep blue or orange glow to some shots which suggest a mystical feeling
Lighting -> MM interview -> lowangle shows power, half face is dark -> connotations of GOOD vs EVIL. -> deliberatly, artificial lighting, adds to his characters, suggests split personality

(MM interview)
Where nun dies, lights off except for one office, down corridor -> shows isolation

Sound:
Voiceover -> narrator (male, standard English, very calm in his delivery). It is ''the glue that holds the narrative together'' !!

(Clip of Voiceover)
Translation, voice sounds roughly the same age, gender and ethnicity.
MM music and orchestral music, opposite music
SFX

Editing:
Cut
Clever, conveying a boring town linking the speech and boring music
Filmed the priest driving, the entire interview is audio -> erie, tired? slowmotion
Moves according to the heartbeat when nun dies -> long pause then bell rings in cemetary
Juxtaposition - controversial visuals of MM fans, with religious orchestral music.
Voiceover says "satanic rock"
Religious connotations of following MM, worshipping satanic views - disciples of satan?
Mcdonalds - he is an actor? The organisation looks at globelisation (organisation destroys the identity of cultures). He is meant to be standing up for individuality - a fake?

Archive Material:
News footage -> police investigation and funeral
(USA-TV)
MM music videos
(Clip of Music Video)
American TV coverage of riots
Newspapers
Italian talk show
(Clip Italian show)
Photographs
Fans with MM carved in their skin

Graphics:

White sans-serif font -> name of the person then their relevants to the doc anhored the relevance of person to the topic. Left or right of screen. Name is bigger

Title -> used a cross instead of a t, it was gothic and linked to genre

(Image of title)
Closed narrative of trial -> information given

Anchoring audio -> white text

Translating MM lyrics -> white text -> time and places, anchors establishing shot

White text in the credits

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2) THE MUSIC BIZ: THE MARKETING OF MEAT LOAF (BBC 2)

Type of Documentary:
Mixed -> variety of content

Themes:
Marketing of music

Creation of image for a band or singer

Power of the Media to influence audience behaviour

Narrative Structure:
Non - Linear structure (not in time order)

Closed structure

Single strand (one main narrative)

Camerawork:
Interviews -> framed to left or right of screen, MCU or CU, eyeline 3rd of way down, positioning is conventional. One man in profile

Variety of camerawor: ECU of CD covers, mags, pan across, different shot type/camera movement on still images or archive material

High angle and low angle

POV -> william hill, walking into bet office

Handheld -> behind the scenes footage

Meat Loaf interviews -> on location, at record company, CU and zoom

Establish shots

Brit Awards -> press, filming the media, which seperates the documentary camera

Mise-en-scene:
Chromaky (blue or green screen) -> background of this is archive or actuality footage, related to the interviewees speech

Sound:
Voiceover -> male, standard english, calm and clear delivery, he was sometimes sarcastic with his tone

Linked with archive and actuality footage, anchoring the sound and visuals

Editing:
Interviewees dissolve in and out -> cross cut -> 2 music producers + Meat Loaf

Intercut between 3 interviews to make it make sense, constructing the narrative

The interviewee appears on screen the chromaky image is paused, not to distract

Behind the scenes footage, cross cut with final take (music video)

(I Would Do Anything For Love Music Video - Not Documentary)

Slow motion

Dissolves

Flipped image of man, watch is on oppposite hand, failure of inventive camerawork as it is obvious and not well thought about -> continuity

Archive Material:
TV clips

Music Videos

Hosts on chatshows

The Brit Awards

Newspapers

Magazines

Headlines

Review pages

News footage; both USA and UK

Mr. Blobby footage -> video

YMCA -> village people

*It was used as partly, chromaky background (constructing mise-en-scene of interviews)

Graphics:

Title sequence

Series logo

Name of person + jobs on screen, anchored the relevance of the person to the programme

This ranges from the left to the right of screen -> typography ->CAPITALS/italics-> Serif/white font

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3) That Thing...Lara Croft (BBC1)

Type:

Mixed

Themes:

Power of the Media

Representation of women

Phonenom of Lara Croft

( image not from doc)

Narrative Structure:

Non-Linear

Closed Narrative

Single Strand

Camerwork:

ECU of man in computer

Interviews MCU or ECU or CU -> positioned to the left or right of screen, eyeline 3rd way down, low angle

WhipPan -> tracking shot of computers

High angle women playing the game

Tilted frame -> Angelina Jolie -> ECU face

Barbie sequence -> filmed in ECU -> created idellic female representation

Mise-en-scene:

Chromaky -> out of focus so it did not distract from interviewee

Front projection -> not really successful -> green and dark light over face -> shadows on screen

Sound:

Game music background

SFX -> gunfire -> voice of character

Voiceover-> calm, clear delievery, male, young -> age was relevant, he may have watched and played the games himself

Madonna music, anchors the interviewee's comments -> it started before it was mentioned, then made sense as the interviewee spoke about Lara Croft and Madonna being similar to each other as they as role models

Editing:

Cross cut game to the actual film

Fast motion WhipPan of computers

Cut

Main in computer screen and Angelina Jolie in the screen

Archive:

Film footage

Nike advert

Newspapers and magazine

Angelina Jolie's interview (stockinterview)

Emails, message boards, letters

Graphics:

Cartoon, man on computer screen, white writing -> name and job -> no capitals, sans serif font

Documentary Notes

The purpose of a documentary is to document, that is to report, with evidence, something that has actually happened. It can show this by using actuality footage or reconstruction. It can use a narrators voice over to anchor the meaning or rely on the participants themselves with perhaps the occasional interjection by the narrator.
(ACTUALITY FOOTAGE = 'REAL FOOTAGE' OF ACTUAL EVENTS)

John Grierson - He ran a team called the 'General Post Office Film Unit in the 1930s. He defined documentaries as 'the creative treatment of actuality' (or reality).


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Features of Documentaries
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John Corner - From the University of Liverpool. He said there are 5 elements of the documentary: observation, interview, dramatisation, mise-en-scene and exposition.

1) Observation - The programme makers pretend that the camera is unseen or ignored by the people taking part in events. The audience is positioned as an eye witness observing the documentary unfold.

2) Interview - The most important aspect, people give opinions, information in the interview. They are relied on by the documentary.

3) Dramatisation - All documentaries use a sense of drama through observations. Editing conveys this drama. Reconstruction is used dramatically too.

4) Mise-en-scene - (put in the picture) Everything you see and hear. Documentary makers carefully construct shots.

5)Exposition - This is the line of argument in a documentary (the exposition of the narrative is the way the narrative unfolds). In terms of documentaries it is what the documentary is 'saying'.

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Different Types of Documentary
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1) Fully Narrated - A voice over is used to convey the exposition. The voice over is used to make sense of the visuals and therefore dominates their meaning. (e.g. natural history docs).

2) Fly On The Wall - It draws on the French film movement of cinema verite. The camera is unseen or ignored. Simply records real events as they unfold.

3) Mixed - Combination of interview, observations, actuality, archive footage/material and narration to advance the argument or narrative.

4) Self-reflective - When the subject of the documentary acknowledges the presence of the camera and often speaks directly to the programme maker.

5) Docudrama - (drama documentary) It's a re-enactment of events

6) Docusoap - (Soap documentary) It revolves around a group of central protagonists (e.g. Airport, The Cruise and Driving School)

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Structure of Documentaries
---

Narrative Structure

Open Narrative Structure - Questions are left unanswered which leaves loose ends at the end of a programme/documentary. An example is a fox hunting documentary.

Close Narrative Structure - There is a definite and final conclusion to tie all strings and therefore conclude the narrative. An example is a trial documentary.

Linear - Follows chronological order (events follow order of time).

Non-Linear - Things are not in time order (flashbacks and flashforwards)

Circular - Starts and finished the same (often same topic).

Visuals

Television is a visual medium. A program needs to be visually stimulating as it has to maintain the interest of the audience. It also has to entertain.

Archive Material - (not able to film yourself) Street scenes, open countryside shots, close ups of faces, are all examples of stockfootage.

Interviews - An interview can be held anywhere, but the mise-en-scene does effect the meaning.

VOXPOP - (Vox Populis = Voice of the People). Set up a camera in the street, ask the same questions to different and random people. This will give a representation of a target audience.

Construction of Reality

Gatekeeping - The selection and rejection of information or content for inclusion in a media text

Editing Process - Be creative, chop up an interview, construct a reality of someone, this is what the gatekeeping allows media to do.

Voice over - Can alter and effect meaning or anchor the visuals.

Propaganda - Advertisement. Deliberately want to influence people's opinions.

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Codes and Conventions of a Documentary
---
Single strand narrative
Cut is the most common edit
Editing -> well-paced, interview is cut into short clips, other images are used over the sound of an interview
Editing should be invisible. There should be no distraction from the documentary, unless editing techniques are used on actuality and archive footage (for example: spinning news headlines)
Voiceover -> ''The glue that holds the narrative together''. Gender and age is sometimes relevant depending on documentary. The use of Standard English and a calm, clear delievery is common
Creative and varied camerawork -> conventional framing on interviews, it is usually static on a tripod, interviews sat still on a chair so they do not move
Archive material -> still images (websites, photos, CDs, mags) -> use camera movement (zoom and pan). A variety of relevent archive material can be used
If chromaky is used, it shouldn't be distracting or detract from the interview (either out of focus or still)
Relevant music that doesn't obstruct the voiceover, it is used as a 'music bed on which the visuals lye'
Graphics -> anchors time and location, anchors the relevance of somebody/something. They should be clear, no obstructive and simple